《精湛的手术》; Surgeon E. Pavlov in Operating Room

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 详细介绍 / Introduction

《精湛的手术》由俄罗斯大画家列宾（Ilya Yefimovich Repin，1844-1930）于 1888 年创作。画中的主角是俄罗斯外科医生叶夫根尼·帕夫洛夫 (1845-1916)。 画家笔下的手术场面是最接近现代手术操作的写实画面：白大褂、手术团队、器械一应俱全， 但也不乏写意的笔触，大榔头、病人的人工固定，不是麻醉不全，就是画家在有意渲染手术的艰难，也在刻意展现外科手术团队之间的无缝协作。 此画作展示出了外科学的发展。在 16 世纪及以前，外科被称为“理发匠的技艺”，通过师傅带徒弟学习技艺，直到 1540 年有了里程碑性的进步，即允许加盟理发师学会， 为理发师外科联合协会。当时的内科医师手指干净，头戴假发，而外科则是处理污浊坏死的组织及肿块，使用的是刀锯等恐怖器械，在没有麻醉的年代，这种场面令人毛骨悚然。 直到 19 世纪，外科医师才逐步摆脱与理发师及放血者的卑微联系。随着麻醉与消毒技术的应用，外科出现突破性进展。

The painting "Surgeon E. Pavlov in Operating Room" was created by the Russian artist Ilya Yefimovich Repin (1844-1930) in 1888. The painting's protagonist is the Russian surgeon Evgeny Pavlov (1845-1916). The painting depicts a surgical scene with the most realistic portrayal of modern surgical operations. White coats, surgical teams, and instruments are all present, and it also incorporates expressive elements. Whether it is the prominent use of a large mallet or the artificial fixation of the patient, the painting captures the intricacies of surgery. It deliberately showcases the challenges involved, depicting either incomplete anesthesia or the deliberate rendering of the surgical team's seamless collaboration. The painting portrays the evolution of surgery. Prior to the 16th century, surgery was referred to as "barbering" and was learned via an apprenticeship under a master. In 1540, a significant milestone was achieved with the establishment of the Association of Barber-Surgeons. At that time, physicians of internal medicine maintained clean hands and wore wigs, while surgeons dealt with contaminated, necrotic tissue and tumors, using frightening instruments such as knives and saws. This was a gruesome sight in the days when there was no anesthesia. It was not until the 19th century that surgeons gradually distanced themselves from their association with barbers and bloodletters. With the introduction of anesthesia and disinfection techniques, surgery made groundbreaking progress.